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Latest Hair Growth Discovery
Need the name of the disease on Mystery Diagnosis on Health channel about weight gain, hormones, hunchback,?
I saw this episode on DIscovery Health channel about a woman who had normal weight until her late teens early 20's, then had huge, unexpected weight gain along with facial hair growth, a hump on her back, sagging chin, and no amount of excercise or dieting would help. It was diagnosed I think, as a hormone problem. What was the name of that disease? I have a friend with identical symptoms.
Cushing's syndrome.
Please don't diagnose your friend even if you think he/she has this disease. This is a very rare disease and there are other things that can cause these symptoms. Have her go to an endocrinologist. Good luck!
Cushing's Syndrome is a disorder caused by an excess of the hormone cortisol. Fat accumulates in the face, abdomen and upper back, often producing a characteristic rounded "moon" face and "buffalo hump". The arms and legs usually remain slender.
Other symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome include muscle wasting and weakness, thin skin, poor wound healing, easy bruising, purple "stretch marks" on the abdomen, menstrual irregularities, high blood pressure, glucose intolerance and hair loss in women.
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It's my 6-month "Big-Chopiversary!"
Knowing Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Knowing Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Integrated pest management is a strategy for pest control. Its goal is not to eradicate but to manage pests such that its population is maintained below that which can cause economic loss to production.
In this strategy, the most important considerations that is given its priority is the safety to humans and animals and the environment.
By nature, Integrated Pest Management depends on a broad and interdisciplinary approach to pest control, incorporating various aspects of the basic control methods such as cultural, biological, legislative, and chemical.
7 Steps in the general decision-making of IPM
1. Identify some destructive and beneficial pests in the area of interest.
Integrated Pest Management uses natural enemies to control pests infestation. Your knowledge in identifying these two groups of organisms, you can make some appropriate method that will selectively kill the pest while protecting the beneficial insect pests.
2. Know the biology of the organisms involved and how the environment influence.
Some pests and diseases develops or appears when the environment is favorable for their development or appearance.
You should study in your area what insects pests or diseases are mostly apparent in winter, spring, fall or summer.
This way, you can decide what flowers are best suited in its particular conditions.
3. Select an appropriate cultural practice that will be detrimental to pests while favoring the beneficial organisms.
Cultural practices includes the selection of varieties that resists to pests in the field, proper field cultivation, right timing of planting, adequate plant nutrition and water requirements.
4. Develop a pest-monitoring schedule in your garden.
You should make records as to the kinds and populations of pests presence in the flower garden area.
Recording the populations and kinds of pests will give you the possible action to undertake in controlling them
5. Determine the tolerable threshold level of pests population.
IPM per se is aimed at economic pest control. You should know what level of pest population constitutes an economic threat.
When this threshold is reached, an appropriate control strategy should be implemented.
The strategy should take into account the pest species, the stage of plant development, the economic product, and the general environment.
When the threshold level occurs at the early plant growth, it may pose economic threat to your flowers.
However, if it is apparent during maturity, the economic threat may not be a problem. The flowers can still be marketable.
6. Decide course of action immediately, if the danger is eminent to cause economic threat.
Sometimes the decision is to wait a while. If intervention is delayed, you must increase monitoring of the population dynamics of the pest to avoid any surprise disaster.
7. You should evaluate and follow-up your IPM program.
Strict follow-up and evaluation of IPM program would provide you an appropriate adjustments to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of control measures.
Common control strategies applied for an effective IPM Program
Biological control.
Biological control involves the exploitation of natural defense mechanisms and managing and controlling them to increase their effectiveness.
10 Strategies applied in biological control
1. Structural.
There are some plant species that possesses their natural defense mechanisms against pests attack. Certain species, for example, have hairs (pubescence) on their leaf surfaces and other parts that interfere with oviposition in insects.
Other plants have genetically conditioned structural features such as thick cuticle that sucking and chewing insects have difficulty penetrating.
2. Chemicals.
Certain chemicals extracted from plants have insecticidal action. The most common is the known pytrethrum extracted from the chrysanthemum family called, rotenone and nicotine.
Other species also include neem tree, mamey, and basil, which contains chemicals that repels insect pests or hinders their growth and development into adults.
3. Phytoallexins.
Certain plants exude toxins from the roots into the soil. These toxins prevent the growth of other species in the immediate vicinity.
The species hence maintains a kind of territorial boundary similar to that which occurs in the animal kingdom.
4. Parasitism.
Other insect pests survived with other insects. For example, the Japanese beetle is attacked by the larvae of a beetle, while the adult alfalfa weevil is a host for the eggs of the stingless wasp which hatches inside the weevil, eventually destroying it.
Cyst nematodes are parasitized by certain fungi (e.g. Catenaria auxilianis), and the root-knot nemtatode (Meloidogyne spp.) is parasitized by the fungus Dactylella oviparasitica.
Similarly, bacteriophages are virus that destroy bacteria. These viral parasites occur in the environment.
5. Prey-Predator Relationships.
Birds may prey on insects and rodents. Snakes also prey on rodents that destroy horticultural crops.
Carabid beetles (ground beetles) prey on aphids, caterpillars, slugs. Lacewings (Chrysopa) prey on aphids, spiders prey on flying insects, social wasps prey on caterpillars, and praying mantis prey on different kinds of insects.
6. Antagonism.
Nature has a built-in mechanisms for maintaining balance so that no single organism dominates.
If an organism is introduced into a new environment where its antagonizing organism is not present, the organism can multiply rapidly and pose a great economic threat to vulnerable cultivated plants in the area.
Antagonistic plants that exude toxins against nematodes are known to occur in nature.
7. Repellents.
There are some plant species that exude strong scents that are repulsive to certain insects.
Onion, garlic, and leek have been known to repel aphids, and mint repels cabbage butterflies and flea beetles. Horseradish repels potato bugs, and sage repels cabbage pests and carrot flies.
Marigold repel root nematodes.
By planting these appropriate plant combinations in a particular field, you can gain some degree of plant protection from specific insect pest.
8. Alternative Host (Trap Plants).
Pests have preference for the plant species they attack. If two hosts are available, one may be attacked.
Slugs prefer lettuce over chrysanthemums, and, as such, a good crop of the latter can be produced in the filed by planting lettuce among them as “decoy” plants or trap plants.
Similarly, nematodes may be controlled by planting certain species that prevent the development of the larva into adults.
This practice has the effect of decreasing the population of nematodes in the soil. Clotalaria plants are used to trap the larvae of root-knot nematodes.
9. Biocontrol.
This is used to control fruits such as peach and plum. This control is effected by treating fruits with a suspension of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, which is found to delay brown rot cuased by the fungus Monilinia fruticola.
Biocontrol measures involving other bacteria and fungus exist.
10. Microbial spray (Biopesticides).
Scientists have identified and cultured natural enemies of certain horticultural plants. An infected field is sprayed with large populations of laboratory-cultured microbes.
An aerial application of spores of fungus (Collectotrichum gloesporiodes) has been successfully used to control the northern jointvetch in rice fields.
Another such discoveries were found to be effective to control soil borne diseases such as wilt of potato and verticilium wilt of eggplant.
Another commercially available microbial spray is the Bacillus thuringiensis spray, which is effective against caterpillars or cutworms, corn borers, cabbage worms, and other insect pests.
Cultural Control
Cultural control employs a variety of strategies to eradicate or minimize the proliferation of pests and diseases in flower garden.
5 Strategies applied in cultural control
1. Crop Sanitation.
It is discouraged to apply the monoculture and repeated methods of planting in the garden since this will encourage the buildup of the pests and diseases.
To do away with the buildup of these destructive organisms, you should used the crop rotation methods.
In crop rotation, it reduces the populations of certain soil borne diseases. In vegetable production for example, bacterial wilt of solanaceous plants which is a soil borne disease is reduced at a minimum or even completely eradicated.
Crop rotation is effective in controlling pests and diseases whose causal organisms don’t travel long distance such as, nematodes, weevils, certain wilts, and phytopthora.
2. Field Sanitation.
You should practice cleanliness in the garden to avoid the presence of pests and diseases. Plant debris must be removed and buried in the soil.
While applying sanitation in the garden, you’re also improving the soil fertility since the debris will decompose in the soil.
Infected plant remains must be burned or incinerated to kill the pathogens. Though burning is discourage, but when the diseases is apparent, you can do so in a case to case basis.
3. Use of resistant varieties
Through the intervention of science, plant breeders have made breakthroughs in improving the resistance of plants to pests and diseases.
By collecting wild plants, they crossed with some cultivated varieties that are susceptible to a particular organisms. Wild plants with genes that are resistant is transferred to the gene of the susceptible cultivated variety to resist diseases and pests.
Resistant varieties exist for most of the major pests of horticultural crops.
4. Eradication of host plants
When the pests and diseases are discernible in the garden and uncontrollable, the best way you can do is to completely eradicate the susceptible host plants.
This method is applied to forestall an eminent pests and diseases epidemic.
On a small scale, eradication of host plants is conducted in the nurseries and greenhouses by removing infected plants.
Certain pathogens require two alternative hosts to complete their life cycle. In such case, the less economically important host should be eliminated to interrupt the cycle of development of the pathogen.
5. Mulching
Applying mulch in your garden gives you peace of mind, since mulch aids in the control of weeds, which may harbor some destructive pests and adds your production cost in weeding.
If you’ll use plastic mulch, it has the capacity to trap heat, which causes the temperature of the soil to increase thereby destroying some soil borne pathogens, including Verticilium.
Legislative control
Government regulatory commissions in every country of the world restricts the transfer of plants without passing through plant quarantine regulations.
This is strictly implemented to control the importation and spread of pests and diseases into areas where they don’t already occur.
Enforcement is especially strict with regards to plants that are of high economic importance.
Mechanical and Physical control
Pests can be controlled by a variety of mechanical or physical methods through human interventions.
8 Strategies applied in mechanical and physical control
- Trapping.
A number of mechanical control measures may be applied to pests in the garden or the greenhouse and nursery.
A fly catcher is a strip of paper or polyethylene (yellow in color) coated on both surfaces with a sticky substance. Insects that land onto it get stuck to it and eventually dies.
Some larger mechanical traps are used to catch rodents. Certain lights are designed to attract insects, which then become trapped by other devices installed for the purpose.
2. Handpicking.
If your garden is manageable, handpicking caterpillars, bugs and other insects is good. After picking them, you can pinch them to death or you can carry with you a powder detergent solution placed in container. Once you catch them, put the insects on the solution to death.
3. Putting barriers.
Rodents can be kept out of the garden by fencing galvanized iron around it. A band of sticky paper (similar to fly catcher) wrapped around the base of a tree prevents crawling insects on the ground from climbing up the tree.
4. Proper tillage.
Proper land cultivation should be applied to remove weeds from growing in the area and exposing some soil borne organisms to the sun so they’ll be eradicated.
5. Mulching.
Putting a plastic mulch in your plots gives you lots of benefits, though the cost of plastic mulch is quiet high, but the return on investment is offset in the long run. The benefit in the use of plastic mulch have been discussed in the previous chapter of this book.
6. Heat treatment.
In the greenhouse and nursery, the soil and other growing media are routinely sterilized before use to kill nematodes and water molds.
To kill nematodes and water molds, the temperature should be around 50°C or 122°F.
To kill bacteria, fungi, and worms, the temperature requirement should be about 72°C or 162°F. For weed seeds, viruses, and some bacteria, the required temperature to kill them should be about 82°C or 180°F
7. Cold treatment.
Most post harvest protection of fresh products is achieved through cold treatment to maintain product quality. Cold storage does not kill pathogens but slows their activity.
8. Radiation.
Gamma radiation in an appropriate dosage to harvested products prolong their shelf. In greenhouses, a glazed UV-absorbing material is installed so that radiation with a wavelength below 390 nanometers is not received in the greenhouse.
Chemical control
In integrated Pest Management, chemical control is considered the last method applied when the presence of pests and diseases are at their uncontrollable proportion. (Refer to the previous chapter on the discussion of this topic under insecticides).
_____________________
Cris Ramasasa, Freelance writer, writes about home gardening and Internet marketing tips. You can get a copy of his latest ebook “How to get started in Flower Gardening” and “Vegetable Gardening Made Easy”, and get lots of tips, Free articles, and bonuses at: www.crisramasasa.com
About the Author
Cris Ramasasa is a retired Horticulture teacher for 29 years and Freelance writer. Writes home gardening tips and resources. Written ebooks titled: How To Get Started In Flower Gardening and Vegetable Gardening Made Easy.
www.crisramasasa.com - Still under construction
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